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In the United States, herpes simplex is the most common genital infection. Estimates show that about 1 million people annually will be infected by this virus. Recurrent infections, as a result of the virus, will affect about 45 million people every year. Studies add that the incidence of herpes simplex will be higher in young adults, adolescents, and in those living in lower socioeconomic populations. It is a chronic disease and, in many people, will not have any visible symptoms. Currently, no total cure is available for herpes simplex. Herpes simplex is the result of either one of two viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). However, most herpes infections are caused by HSV-2. It has been estimated that HSV-2 is responsible for 80% of initial herpes infections, and up to 95% of recurrent infections. What Are The Symptoms Of Herpes Simplex? While many people experience no symptoms with herpes simplex, painfully frequent recurrences of herpes symptoms will appear in others. Approximately 3 to 7 days after contacting the infection symptoms of herpes simplex will begin to appear. Red spots, that will be painful, will appear in the genital area. For men, these lesions will generally appear on the head, or the shaft of the penis. For women, these lesions will most commonly occur outside of the vaginal opening, inside the vagina, and on the cervix. These spots will soon form painful blisters filled with a clear fluid containing particles of the herpes virus. When the blisters break they will shed the virus, causing the appearance of painful ulcers. These ulcers will last up to 6 weeks. Should the ulcers become infected, they could last considerably longer. Touching these blisters, and then touching other areas of the body can spread this infection to these other areas. Persons with the herpes simplex virus will also experience headache, fever, enlargement of lymph nodes, painful urination, and urinary retention. Men may also experience a urethral discharge, while women may experience a vaginal discharge. While men are unlikely to experience further serious complications of the herpes simplex, women with herpes simplex may experience complications when pregnant. Although not yet conclusively established, many believe that there may be a direct link between herpes simplex and cervical cancer. In rare cases, the herpes virus may spread to the brain. This will cause a condition called herpes encephalitis, a life-threatening condition. Although treatment with the drug acyclovir (Zovirax), an antiviral drug, is capable of curing the encephalitis, up to 60% of the survivors will sustain some sort of permanent brain damage. What Is The Treatment For Herpes Simplex? While the herpes simplex virus cannot be cured, the symptoms can be alleviated. The drug Acyclovir helps to reduce the severity of the initial episode, and is also administered to treat subsequent episodes. Acyclovir is administered for 7 to 10 days until the lesions fully heal. How Can Herpes Simplex Be Prevented? The best way to prevent herpes simplex is to avoid unprotected sex. Herpes simplex may be transmitted through genital-genital contact, but it is important to remember that it may also be transmitted through oral-genital contact. Condoms are usually recommended to prevent transmission of herpes simplex. However, not all of the lesions may be covered by the condom. Any person engaging in sexual activity with a person infected with herpes simplex, must refrain from touching any lesions, especially uncovered lesions. The person infected with herpes simplex must also avoid touching any lesions to eliminate the possibility of spreading the infection to other parts of their bodies. Because there is no cure, prevention is especially important for herpes simplex. Currently, The National Institute of Health is testing an HSV-2 vaccine. However, its use is limited to women who have no history of HSV-1 exposure. For now, safe sex practices are the best way to prevent the spread of this highly infectious disease. penis enhancement pump prosolution penile enlargement pills vimax forum penis elargement result magna rx results review medical penis enlarement free penile enlargment best penile enlargment surgery

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Generic drugs are the substitutes available for a branded drug. The functioning and efficiency of generic drugs are identical to the branded medication. These drugs are available on much cheaper rate in comparison to the predecessor from which these are derived. Generic drug producers can sell their products on much cheaper price because they don’t have to bear expenses of drug development. Production of generic drug is not good for drug developing company but it is beneficial for customers as they can get similar efficacy medication on lower price. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a diseases related with capability of making love. Erection of penis is essential for love making but ED stops erection of penis and debars a man from happy sex life. For centuries people have been searching for a proper aphrodisiac which can help in erectile dysfunction. Their search came to end when high efficacy drugs like Viagra, Levitra and Cialis are launched in the drug market. All these medications almost have a great success rate of around 80 to 90 percent. Particularly, Levitra is successful in 88% cases. However, there is a problem related with all these drugs, that is, their high cost. It is not feasible for a common man to use them every time he wants to make love. Fortunately, there are generic drugs available for Levitra. Meltabs, Soft tab, Kamagra are few generic drugs for tabs Levitra. For understanding the functioning of these generic drugs knowledge about the working of Levitra is essential. The working of Levitra is primarily dependent on its active ingredient Vardenafil, which is present in the tablet as Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate. This chemical inhibits the function of phosphodiesterase-5, which is responsible for bringing back penis in relaxed position. Vardenafil restricts the action of phosphodiesterase-5 so that during love making penis will not fall back. Hence, it enables the man suffering from ED to live sexual life normally. Meltabs, the generic version of Levitra has Sildenafil Citrate as its active component, whose action is similar to action of Vardenafil. Meltabs has Sildenafil Citrate compounded with a non active gel in pills form. This generic drug for Levitra absorbs in the blood more quickly than other drugs in this category. Other drugs in the same category take approximately 30 to 90 minutes to produce erection of penis while this timing for Meltabs is around 20 to 30 minutes. Kamagra is another generic drug for Levitra, which is product of an Indian pharmaceutical company Ajanta Pharma Limited. Kamagra also contains Sildenfil Citrate as its active ingredient. Veega and Soft tab are few other prominent generic drugs for Levitra, which are generally produced in countries where there is a low labour cost. But, these generic drugs are available for the global population. Generic drugs for Levitra can have some mild and temporary side effects like Levitra; for more detail, you can consult with your doctor. All these drugs are oral prescription medication, which means doctor’s prescription is necessary to use them. Generic drugs are highly cost effective for user; so if your doctor permits you can easily switch over to generic drug for Levitra. penis enlagement secret vimax penis enlargement tip penis enargement supplement enlargement manhattan penis surgeon penis enlargment system cheapest penis enlargment pills natural penile enlargement technique best pennis enlargement permanent penis enlargment

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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Since the dawn of civilization the culminating point of a love relationship between two lovers was described as making physical love, or in a raw language ‘having sex’. Ancient and modern literature from most of the cultures have taken the concept of love making to the level of ecstasy and art. Psychologists found out through analysis that sex plays most important role in a love relationship, within lovers as well as between husband and wife. State laws have allowed divorce on the basis of inability to have sex in either of the married couple. Sexuality is an important part of life, and the impact is undeniable, both mentally and physically. To both sexes, male and female, sexual prowess and sexual ability to have sex is associated with their inner ego. But what happens when your ego is hurt at the bottom? Erectile dysfunction is something that hits a man below the belt and leaves the man hopeless and extremely frustrated. The consequences of ED do not wait for my explanations; I know you can very well understand. May be some of you, who are reading my article, have actually gone through this phase of life, or presently going through. Until recently, erectile dysfunction was a hush-hush matter and men were ashamed of discussing their penile weakness even to their doctor. Avoiding sex night after night giving meaningless excuses, on the other hand, leads to making the wives doubtful of their husbands’ fooling around. Men were leading life as if there were no solution to it; this conclusion was drawn after going through all the “operation impossible” s. I know it is a long story of pain and suffering. Hold it before you lose the last hope, there is a spark of light at the end of the tunnel…Viagra. You have heard about it but never tried it, am I right? Are you expecting any kind of assurance from a trusted source that you will not be blind after taking Viagra pill? Let me tell you that its not Viagra that caused the blindness but it was the reaction and the outcome of taking Viagra without prescription and not abiding by the restrictions given on the label. Again, Sildenafil, the main ingredient of Viagra, not only gives you strong erection per pill, it actually treat Priapism, a disease related to painful erection for more than 6 hours without any sexual stimulation or desire. At the same time, Viagra can slowly correct mechanism of the blood flow to the penis. If you were reluctant on the issue of discussing your ED with your wife, just go and see your physician and talk to him about your physical condition, ask him if you can take Viagra and get back to normal sexual life. I do not consider the idea of living with ED as a good one. Since the introduction of Viagra, things have changed so fast that people are no longer referring to male erection problem as impotence, but a new term has popped up for it, ‘erectile dysfunction’ that is more scientific and less ego-hurting. Impotence is no longer a male characteristic or image, rather a name of a disease that is treatable. The impossible was made possible only by Viagra, the pioneer pill in treating erectile dysfunction. Why do not you try and enjoy even better sexual life? vimax penis enlargement information pennis enlargement before and after penis enlarement testimonials easy elargement free penis surgery way enlargement forum free matter penis size penis enlargment video penis enhancement surgical pnis enlargement permanent penis enlargment

Rabies- Attacks the nervous system and causes encephalitis. The virus is transmitted in saliva from the bite of an infected animal. It usually takes two-eight weeks before the signs appear. However, it only takes about ten days before it's passable through saliva. The most common ways for an animal or human to be infected is by a bite from an animal who's infected – usually a skunk, fox, raccoon or bat. Cats are actually more at risk than dogs – because they put themselves more at risk that dogs. There are three stages to Rabies: Prodomal Stage- Lasts two-four days. Signs can include behavioral changes, fever, slow eye reflexes, and chewing at the bite of the site. The Paralytic Stage- Last two-four days. Signs of paralysis develop, usually beginning in the limb that was bitten. Paralysis of the throat or face causes a change in the bark. Drooling with typical foaming at the mouth, and a dropped jaw. Followed by depression, coma, and death from respiratory paralysis. Once clinical signs develop there is no treatment! If a pet has been bitten by a wild animal or known related rabid animal – if they've been vaccinated, re-vaccinate them and quarantine them for 90 days. If the pet has not been vaccinated, euthanize and submit tissue for rabies testing. If the owner is unwilling to euthanize the pet, it should be strictly quarantined for six months with vaccination one month prior to release. Distemper- Greatest single disease threat to the world's dog population. Distemper develops over a course of days. Canine distemper virus is fatal to 80% of the puppies and 50% of the adult dogs that contact it. Symptoms include congested lungs, nasal discharge, vomiting and diarrhea. As it progresses, it attacks the nervous system, often causing partial or complete paralysis and seizures. The disease is highly contagious. Dogs can get the virus through coming into contact with anything another dog infected, including through all secretions of the infected animal and very surprisingly, even through the air. Most distemper appear in dogs less than six months of age and in old dogs that have not been vaccinated. Once infected, there is no cure. Treatment is supportive -- fluids through I.V to prevent dehydration, and symptoms treated. Dogs who recover from distemper may have vision, nervous system problems, hardened foot pads and nose leathers, throughout their lives. In addition, puppies may also have mottled teeth from damage to developing enamel. Dogs should be vaccinated, and given boosters, to prevent this disease. Parvovirus- This disease can overwhelm a dog within hours of first symptoms and result in death within 48-72 hours. It is found through the world, it is highly contagious and attacks the intestinal tract, white blood cells, and sometimes the heart. It is spread with contact through feces of infected dogs. Parvovirus can be carried on shoes, crates, equipment or the hair and feet of infected dogs. Symptoms appear five-seven days after exposure and include depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, severe diarrhea. Feces are generally light gray, or yellow-gray, and may be streaked with blood. Puppies under six months are most susceptible to the disease. If the disease effects the heart, puppies can die within hours, weeks or even months. Doberman Pinschers and Rottweliers appear to be at a higher risk for parvo than other breeds. There is no treatment that cures the virus. Nursing care consists of replacing fluid, keeping the dog warm, controlling vomiting and diarrhea, and dosing with antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Parvovirus can live for several months in an infected area, thorough cleaning of all surfaces is necessary to eradicate the disease. Household bleach is a very effective agent. Vaccination against parvo has dramatically reduced incidence of the disease. The vaccine protects the dog for several years. Infectious Canine Hepatitis- It is inhaled or ingested by the dog, enters the bloodstream, and targets the liver, kidneys, eyes, and the cells lining the inner surface of the blood vessels. Some cases barely show symptoms – puppies may show a slight fever or be slightly lethargic and recover quickly. Some cases are quick and deadly. They may also have tonsillitis, reddened mouth and eye membranes, colic, then shock and death. Sometimes all within 24 hours! The in-between manifestation of the disease is the one most commonly described. The early symptoms are similar to the other forms – some puppies recover within two weeks, others develop internal bleeding, central nervous system involvement, and liver disease. There is no cure, only supportive treatment. Vaccination lasts several years. Kennel Cough- This is a respiratory disease in dogs that covers the actions of several infectious agents, including Bordatella bronchiseptica, a bacteria, canine adenovirus 2, and canine parainfluenza virus. The parainfluenza virus is related to the canine distemper virus. Symptoms range from hacking cough to inflammation of the larynx, bronchial tubes and trachea. CAV-2 also produces pneumonia in ten-twenty percent of the affected dogs. They're highly contagious, especially in kennels or shelters where the canine immune systems are stressed. Good ventilation is necessary to prevent and spread diseases. A combined kennel cough vaccination contains CAV-2, parainfluenza, and Bordatella in one dose of nose drops. Symptoms are no more than a bad cold, vaccination is recommended if dogs are to be boarded, or will come into contact with a large numbers of dogs. Leptospirosis- This is a bacterial disease spread in the urine of wild and domestic animals and capable of causing illness in humans as well as dogs. Several species of the bacteria produce disease in dogs. Symptoms include lethargy, kidney inflammation, low-grade fever, vomiting, reddening of the mucous membranes, and conjunctiva, and blood clotting abnormalities. A more generalized form of the disease can cause elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, pneumonia, and intestinal inflammation. Chronic kidney problems can result. Antibiotic therapy is effective in fighting the bacterial invasion and supportive nursing (replenishment of fluids, administration of diuretics to flush the kidneys and prevent kidney failure, blood transfusions, if necessary) is required. Vaccinations are not recommended unless there is a disease in the area. The vaccines help to lessen the severity of the disease, but do not prevent it. It also may not be effective for more than six months. Puppies and small dogs can have adverse reactions to the vaccines. If there is a lepto outbreak occurring and veterinarians do recommend vaccination, dogs should be inoculated against all four strains of the disease, unless the particular strain is identified. Lyme Disease- Is a bacterial disease spread by ticks. Symptoms in dogs include lethargy, joint pain, lack of appetite, lymph node enlargement, and fever. Some dogs have antibodies to the disease, indicating they've been exposed, but they show no symptoms. Treatment is with antibiotic, Tetracycline. Vaccine is available, but is not widely recommended because the disease is self-limiting and protection is limited to no more than six months, following inoculation. Lyme disease is more serious for humans than for dogs. Coronavirus- This virus causes diarrhea and vomiting, and can be confused for parvo. The mode of infection is direct contact of an infected animal or its feces. Some dogs have antibodies but no symptoms, others lose their appetite, have smelly diarrhea, and are lethargic and dehydrated. Treatment involves replacing lost fluids and controlling vomiting and diarrhea. Vaccine is available, but not widely recommended. -Information taken from the American Veterinary Medical Association UC Davis Book of Dogs – By, Dr. Race Foster and Dr. Marty Smith (authors of the particular chapters).