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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. vimax penis enlargement surgery picture penis elargement procedure magna rx results review penis enlarement pic before and after cheap vigrx prosolution penis enlargement pill do penis elargement pills work penis enargement picture

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There are a lot of men out there who need help with a very personal problem, but they are afraid to do anything about it. This is because the topic of erectile dysfunction is about as terrifying to face as an appointment with a divorce lawyer, so they try to avoid it altogether. Unfortunately, erectile dysfunction affects not only men, but it also affects their spouses as well, so this makes it impossible to avoid indefinitely. Sooner or later the topic of sex (or lack thereof) will come up at the dinner table, and then they must face the problem head on. That is usually when the name Viagra enters the conversation, and they better be ready to make an informed decision on whether or not to use it. Viagra was invented by a team of scientists in the late nineteen nineties, and it was approved for sale by the FDA (food and Drug Administration) on March 27, 1998. 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You will even get a better price if you buy your Viagra online than you would if you bought it at your neighborhood pharmacist, for the pharmacist selling his products online does not have to pay overhead costs (employees, building leases, benefits, etc…). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by an enzyme that is known as CYP3A4. Any one with a liver condition (like cirrhosis) who is thinking about taking Viagra must consult their physician first to discuss a customized or reduced dosage. What used to be a problem without a cure is now a problem that can be cured with a little blue pill. Men who take a 50mg dose about an hour or two before sexual activity can regain the sexual vitality and stamina that they have been missing in their lives. They can now enter that dreaded conversation at the dinner table with their spouse (about erectile dysfunction) armed with the knowledge that they have a breakthrough drug on their side that was worthy of the Nobel Prize. 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There are so many infections that are caused by Candida, especially the species Candida Albicans, in various parts of the body. Moniliasis or Oral Thrush This type of oral infection usually occurs when there is an overproduction of Candida Albicans. It is also common among denture wearers and occurs to both very young and elderly who are recovering from disease or have an immune system problem. Likewise, people who are experiencing dry mouth syndrome are also prone to having Candidiasis. Candida may be triggered by antibiotic treatment, which decreases normal bacteria in the mouth. Good oral hygiene is encouraged to prevent Candidiasis. Dentures should also be removed especially before going to bed. There are saliva substitutes as well as prescribed medications that may be used to treat some severe case of oral thrush. Intertrigo This is an infection that occurs in the folds of skin, most commonly seen on overweight individuals. Redness and moisture in the skin fold are also observed. Small pustules appear around raised areas of inflamed skin and are usually filled with pus or papules around the main area of redness. Likewise, peeling, itching and swelling are also experienced. Vulvovaginitis This is one of the most common Candida infections, found mostly in women. The symptoms include swelling and itching of the vagina along with a thick, cream or white discharge. There is also pain during intercourse. There is an observed redness with rashes that oftentimes extends to the groin area. Vulvovaginitis is dominant among pregnant women and recurs frequently in women who are using birth control pills. Men can also suffer from vulvovaginitis and this is indicated by inflammation that can be seen on the head of the penis. There can be swelling, and also small red papules or pustules, and often a burning sensation after sexual activity. Diaper Candidiasis This is the type of infection that is commonly seen in babies due to diaper rashes. However it should not be assumed that all diaper rashes are due to Candida. There are signs and symptoms such as small fragile pustules that are often dry and usually peel. In addition, this infection is accompanied by firm reddish nodules of 1 to 2cm on the vulva or the buttocks. There is also nodular granulomatous Candida or granulomatous gluteale infantum. This infection usually clears over time. Paronychia This is an example of a Candida infection that occurs on the nails. People who contract these types of infections generally have their hands in water or handle food on a regular basis as food encourages the growth of yeast on hands. The areas around the nails are usually swollen without the cuticles. There is also postural discharge that results to nail discoloration and often times caused the removal of the nail base. This is also called lateral onycholysis. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis This is an example of a recurrent Candida infection that does not respond to medical treatments. This is the type of infection is visible in the mouth and on the skin. It can be observed on infants and children. It is identified by persistent oral rashes that may be hypertrophic and produce thick plaque in the mouth. Chronic paronychia is manifested by redness around the nail folds. This infection is usually a genetic condition that is either recessive or dominant. It also may cause endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism or hypoparathyroidism. If you suspect you are suffering with Candida, you should consult your primary care physician. truth about penis enlargment pills online vig rx best penile enlargement surgery penis enlargment surgery picture pennis enlargement pump vig rx penis enlargement pill pnis enlargement cream does vigrx really work do penis enlarement pills work

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